JOST A MON

The idle ramblings of a Jack of some trades, Master of none

Feb 3, 2011

Motorola Chaser

In 1997, I joined Motorola's Cellular Subscriber Division to work on some of the earliest cell phones of the digital era. It was a heady time slightly dimished by the knowledge that the powers-that-be in the company insisted that analog phones (in which Motorola had an overwhelming market share) still had a viable future. We worked on the Startac, the flip phone to define all flip phones, and in parallel we worked on one or two other models. And while we developed bespoke user interfaces and device drivers for each digital phone, the likes of Samsung and Nokia had already begun to eat our lunch with their clever use of modular and reusable software architectures. In the time it took us to develop one or two models, these savvy companies could churn out entire families of phones, from low-end mass-market to high-spec and high-margin. It didn't take long for Motorola's share of the mobile market to plummet.

About two years later, I thought it time to see what the competition was doing. I interviewed at Sony in San Diego, CA, and at Philips in Piscataway, NJ, and accepted an offer at the latter (mainly because they offered me way more than stingy Sony). Philips Communications, when I arrived, appeared to be on its last legs. Its phones were hardly selling and there were constant rumours of layoffs. As a contractor, I wasn't too fussed. There was far too much demand for skilled telecomms software types for me to be jobless for long.

The top-brass had to come up with a plan to save their collective skins, and their idea was to license Qualcomm's software and hardware, stick it into a phone designed by us, and sell it under Philips' brand name. To that end, three or four of us were sent to San Diego to learn about the ins and outs of the Qualcomm system, understand its design and programming interfaces, and bring samples back with us to Piscataway.

At the time, digital wireless networks were still patchy across the US, and I, with my background in Motorola, was interested to see how interoperable Qualcomm's offerings were with the extant (and extensive) analog networks. But when I asked questions about the analog parts, I was looked on strangely, both by the Philips and the Qualcomm engineers. Clearly a dinosaur, they thought to themselves. What a pity. And he looks so young!

Qualcomm hosted us at a baseball game and sent us back to New Jersey with encouraging noises. In the event, our trip was wasted. We returned to find that Philips Communications was, for all practical purposes, defunct.

While we were gone, the bosses at PCC had agreed to sell the division to Motorola. In fact, my old boss at Motorola would become the head of this new outfit. I joked that I had been so sorely missed that my ex-boss was willing to buy an entire company just to have me back. Then I quit.

Years later, I found myself in the UK and working for a little company called TTP Communications. This was a little shop filled with creative and innovative engineers. It provided the hardware design and software systems for such iconic mobiles as the Blackberry; various Asian manufacturers were using its products in phones that they sold in their own names. It was struggling in the wake of the dot-com collapse but had somehow managed to continue with its research and development. But within a year of my arrival, it became clear that TTP Communications couldn't carry on on its own. I left in 2005, and a few months it was taken over.

And who was it that came riding to its rescue? Why, Motorola, of course.

In the years that passed after that, I didn't keep up much with the fate of TTPCom. Today, amazingly, its name came up once again. I attended an Anti Market Abuse training course in the office, and what did I hear? In 2006, the general counsel of TTPCom, having learnt that Motorola was about to acquire it, got his father-in-law to buy TTPCom's shares. Two days later, the acquisition was publicly announced, the share price soared, and a month later, the father-in-law sold his stock for a profit of £49,000. He then gave the legal eagle a half share of the proceeds.

In 2009, both men became the first to be sentenced in the UK under the FSA's insider dealing purview. A later appeal was dismissed, and the solicitor had to spend 8 months at Her Majesty's pleasure.

I used to have occasional nightmares of finding myself back in Motorola, writing requirements documents and creating systems designs. I enjoyed my time with that company and I have always wished it well. But now finally, I can congratulate myself that its pursuit of me has pretty much ground to a halt.

Happily, there's not much danger of them ever buying up a financial institution.

Oct 25, 2010

Warming

One of the advantages of working at a company with a strong bent towards sustainable and responsible investing is that we can get to hear of interesting products and innovative outfits that our company might want to invest in. We also get to listen to interesting speakers once in a while. The most recent interesting speaker was Professor Chris Rapley, chief Mugwump of the Science Museum, and head honcho of the British Antarctic Survey.

He came to talk to us about Climate Change, the facts and the interpretations, the factions and the policking. A good time was had by all.

Here's a quick summary. The good professor pointed out that

  1. the facts about global warming are not in dispute, but only (mis)interpretations by various vested interests.
  2. even those who supposedly agree with global warming, e.g. Greens, do not necessarily support the hard choices required to lessen the impact of greenhouse gases (e.g. nuclear power).
  3. both parties - Deniers and Believers - often have identical rhetoric as regards solutions, but will just not listen to each other because of fundamental biases.
  4. energy costs are roughly 5% of world GDP because gas/petroleum is so cheap; any replacement available now will require maybe 20% of world GDP to provide the same amount of energy, so unless radically cheaper methodologies appear, there's little possibility to switch out of polluting fuels.
  5. to get public attention to the problem, it's not enough for scientists to talk loudly and slowly as if to slow foreigners, but to get public figures involved in communicating the issues.
  6. people need to think outside of their own immediate experience to realise that 'average rising temperatures' doesn't mean that temperatures will be rising everywhere: last winter was colder than the average in Western Europe and the eastern seaboard of the US, but at the same time, most of the rest of the planet was having much warmer times.
I asked him if there were times in the Earth's history when global average temperatures / carbon dioxide concentrations were higher than they are today. He said shocks similar to our own effusions (about a trillion tons of CO2 since the dawn of the industrial age) have occurred before. For instance, about 65 million years ago, there was a supervolcanic eruption somewhere in Siberia that released similar amounts of greenhouse gases, resulting in spikes in global temperatures that lasted several thousand years. That fact by itself, he said, should convince anyone who denies that today's CO2 levels pose no warming threat. The recovery from those temperatures, too, took longer than human timescales, so we shouldn't expect to get out of this unscathed. The societal tensions and pressures alone will be beyond anything we've encountered before.

All in all, an intellectually enlightening and emotionally depressing presentation.

Jul 17, 2010

Scam

Yesterday I got an email from a fellow blogger saying he was in London, and had been mugged, and was upset by it all, and couldn't get any help from the police, and was late for his flight back. Only days earlier I had had emails from him, and he hadn't told me he was going to be here. But what if it had been a last minute trip? So I wrote back asking if he was all right, and if I could help in any way.

The response was prompt. He had internet access only, he said, as his phone and wallet had been stolen. Thanks for writing back, he said. If you can send me £1271, that would cover the hotel bill, and the taxi fare to the airport.

Hmm, I thought, this is serious. Which hotel are you at? I asked. Royal Park, he said. Have you checked out? I said. No, he said. I called the hotel and asked to be connected to him. They had no person by that name staying there, either yesterday or in the past several days.

Aha, I thought. The man's email's been hacked. A scamster on my hands! I rubbed them with glee. If you can send the funds by Western Union, he said, I promise to pay you back when I get home. Let me know if you are sending the money now?

Sure, I said. Which Western Union location will you be at? The bloody fool sent me an address in Wales. I cooked up a Western Union confirmation number and sent it to him. I'm checking online, he said, but the number is not recognised. Can you send me your details?

Western Union told me that all you'll need is the confirmation number, and your ID, I said.

Then I called Maddy. He, of course, was still in the US, fielding calls from frightened pals all over the world. He told me that the scamster had been quite fiendish in his hack. Not only had the villain changed the password, he had changed all the other secondary identifications that the owner could use to reset the email account.

An hour or so later, Maddy managed to re-establish control over his email, and sent an email asking everyone to disregard it.

Ooh, I replied. You ruined it just as I was having fun with the bugger.

Later I got a slightly urgent email from the scamster. It was timestamped before Maddy got his account back.

I went to the Western Union office, said the blackguard. They told me there was no such confirmation number. Please check and let me have the correct one.

I sure do hope he trekked across to Prestatyn to get the moolah. That would be a small mercy for all the angst he caused.

Welcome to the twenty-fourth instalment of the Giant’s Shoulders, the monthly carnival of science and history-of-science blogging from around the planet. In this issue, there’s a bit of a preponderance of historical vignettes, which I trust you’ll find interesting.

Shall we start with a timeline of scientific discoveries, analyses and inventions? How about this – from years that end in 24 in every century? I’m missing several years, so if you’d like to fill those in, please be my guest.

I can’t think of any particular grouping in this carnival. You know, by subject and all that. It’s pretty motley. Chronological order is somewhat unsatisfying, like arranging books on your shelf in alphabetical order of title. Let us, therefore, be whimsical.

From New at LacusCurtius & Livius, we have Bill Thayer’s introduction and a link to a classic paper about how people developed effective ways to compute the heights of mountains. It’s a wide-ranging work, starting from the Ancient Greeks and working its way through Kepler and The paper is from 1929, so expect nothing on GPS in it!

Continuing with mensuration, Ethan Siegel at ScienceBlogs has a neat little piece about how to determine distances to the stars. In How Far to the Stars, he explains the principle of parallax, notes that Copernicus thought he could use it to tell distances, and then goes on to Christiaan Huygens’s idea of using luminosity to compute how far Sirius is from us.

So we are able to measure distances with excellent accuracy. But what of Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle? Surely it’s impossible to measure simultaneously (to arbitrary precision) both the position and the momentum of an object? This is certainly true on the scale of the truly small, but why is it not so evident on the scale of our senses? Why does quantum mechanics explain to remarkable accuracy the weird behaviour of the minute but loses that weirdness at the macroscopic? On homunculus, Philip Ball presents Big Quantum, where he talks about this explanatory lacuna in the transition between the very small and the large. It’s all due to decoherence!

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How about some pseudoscience? Alchemy has had a bad rap, and yet it provided the foundations for chemistry. Via Thony C., we have Lawrence Principe and the Rehabilitation of Alchemy – another lecture in Utrecht posted at Heterodoxology.

For another example of the genre, we have Caroline Rance at The Quack Doctor with an interesting little piece about one type of alternative medicine – uroscopy. This is the use of urine’s colour, consistency, taste and smell as a diagnostic tool. By the 19th century, professional medics had discounted this as quackery, but common people continued to frequent piss-doctors. In Cameron the Piss-Prophet, we learn how one such worthy was hoist by his own petard.

From one aspect of quackery, we move on to another. In 1726, a woman named Mary Toft (or Tofts) was a sensation in England for having allegedly given birth to rabbits.

Hogarth's Cunicularii (source: Tate Britain, Hogarth Exhibition 2007)

She had supporters and deriders in equal measure; scientists argued both in her favour (e.g. a medical doctor, John Maubray) and against (Sir Richard Manningham, a male midwife). William Hogarth’s Cunicularii at the Wellcome Library Item of the Month (besides analysing some lovely etchings by the great artist) raises a subtle question.

Leaving quackery, we ponder another form of obfuscation. Via Thony C. we have an article titled “Follies of the present day”: Scriptural Geology from 1817 to 1857 by J.M. Lynch at A Simple Prop. Who were scriptural geologists? These were scientists who tried somehow to unify vast geological time with their faith in the Bible’s six days of creation. Note that these people did not believe (pace Ussher) that the Universe was formed in 4004 BC.

Why did these Christian scientists not pay closer attention to James Hutton? In 1785, he had published an article Concerning the System of the Earth, Its Duration, and Stability in which he began the study of deep geological time. Via Thony C., we have John F. Ptak’s Raising Greatness: James Hutton’s Deep View of Time, 1795 posted at Ptak Science Books talking about Hutton’s remarkable intuition, as he saw the entirety of Earth’s history explained in the sloping red sandstone at Siccar Point.

While on the subject of deep time, a fossil of the Archaeopteryx was first discovered in 1861. Since then palaeontologists have argued whether this transitional creature (between dinosaurs and true birds) was capable of flight. Ed Yong presents First Birds Were Poor Fliers at the Discover Magazine Blog. There were some reasons to believe that the beast could fly but also good reasons why not.

Fossils and da Vinci - who would have thunk it? Via Thony C., we have Brian Switek's Leonardo da Vinci - Palaeontology Pioneer at the Smithsonian Magazine's blog.

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Dorset Ancestors have a biography of Francis Glisson, a native of that English county, who went on to great success as a doctor in 17th century London. When he heard of a new debilitating disease among children of Dorset, he studied it carefully and concluded that this bone-deformative condition (which we know as ‘rickets’) was caused by malnutrition.

A sesquicentennial after Glisson plied his investigative mind, another Englishman began to consider the various causes of deafness in people. As a diagnostic tool, John Harrison Curtis invented the Cephaloscope, which is described in Jaipreet Virdi’s post The Cephaloscope on From the Hands of Quacks.

John Harrison Curtis also insisted that aurists – students of auditory illnesses – should also be attached to medical hospitals. Jaipreet Virdi’s related post The London Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb tells this story.

From illnesses of the body, we segue to a illness of the mind. The dreaded African disease, sleeping sickness, when in an advanced stage, often resulted in violent mania. Was this true insanity on the part of the natives, or just a manifestation of a fear of isolation in a camp? From Sleeping Sickness and Lunacy at the Colonial Psychiatry Hub, we learn that much documentation of the effects of sleeping sickness on the local population is available from the British staffers of the Colonial Office (Uganda).

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Just for variety, here’s something to watch rather than to read. Via Thony C., we have Lens on Leeuwenhoek: Videos about his life, times, and accomplishments posted at Lens on Leeuwenhoek.

This video is an overview of the life, times, and accomplishments of Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), the Dutch scientist who used hand-made single-lens microscopes to become the first human to see protozoa, bacteria, sperm, and red blood cells, among many other things.

And although that video’s only 7 minutes long, it promises more riches to come. Can there be any more to van Leeuwenhoek, then? Indeed there can, and Thony C. presents Lego-nhoek? posted at Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Centraal.

van Leeuwenhoek, of course, was a contemporary, competitor and Royal Society colleague of that polymath Robert Hooke. I found several blogs on this brilliant Englishman, and planned to chuck them in here, but closer scrutiny revealed that at least one of those pieces was a copy of a Wikipedia article. I hope this is not a similar copy: Leland Velazquez discusses the Physics of Bungee Jumping. Hooke’s work on elasticity leading to his eponymous law is the underpinning of this extreme sport.

If Robert Hooke is around, Christopher Wren can’t be far behind. Another brilliantly multifaceted man, Wren involved himself in astronomy, mathematics, architecture, art, and – we learn from Christopher Wren and the Bees by Gene Kritsky at Wonders & Marvels – beekeeping. Why is this scientifically relevant? He also developed the transparent beehive that was suitable for the scientific observation of bee behaviour.

The bees were able to move between the various layers of the hive, and glass panels set into the structure allowed an observer to see the honey cascading down inside it. Although Wren’s construction had not been an immediate success (due to a failure to realise that bees worked downwards), it offered the prospect of an ever-increasing stock of bees and honey within the same hive. [from here]

Speaking of polymaths, there was Florence Fenwick Miller in the 19th century. She was a suffragette, a journalist, an educator, and a qualified medical doctor. From Peacay at the absolutely ravishing BibliOdyssey, we have An Atlas of Anatomy.

From Peacay at BibliOdyssey again, we have Fungis Danicis, a lovely set of illustrations of fungi studied by a Danish lawyer-turned-botanist named Theodor Holmskjold in the 18th century. This worthy actually identified over fifty new species during two years of observation in the countryside near Aarhus.

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Now for some controversy! When scientists without training in history try to develop works in the history of science, clearly feathers are ruffled.  Via Thony C., we have Renaissance Art or Neuroanatomy? Part 1 and part 2, posted by Darin at PACHSmörgåsbord. It appears that there have been a series of papers over the past 20 years by various scientists trying to find hidden anatomically precise messages in Michelangelo’s art.

Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam

R. Donald Fields wrote up a guest blog at Scientific American recently that discusses the oeuvre; as it turns out, none of the scientists involved is a trained historian. As the rebuttal at PACHSmörgåsbord makes clear, this is dangerous practice:

Why does this matter? Because such articles attract the attention of editors and contributors at places like Scientific American. These contributors then post a redaction of the article on the website, where the post becomes one of the most popular. Such redactions misrepresent the history of science, suggest that anybody can write the history of science, and deny that historians of science have a discrete expertise. That’s why it matters.

But just to show that not all scientific speculation on art is ill-founded, check out this interesting bit of detective work by a bunch of astronomers at Texas State University. Via Thony C., we have a post by Roger Sinnott on Sky And Telescope titled Walt Whitman’s Meteor-Procession, we learn about the great poet’s imagery (“the strange huge meteor-procession" that went "shooting over our heads" with "its balls of unearthly light”) and an interesting astronomical phenomenon.

I’m not sure if this next piece fits within the purview of our Carnival (as it may be more aligned to sociology) but I think it relates to a seminal work of behavioural psychology, so perhaps I can present it? Christopher Greene’s Clarks’ Black-White Doll Experiment Replicated at Advances in the History of Psychology blog discusses an even more controversial subject than that in the preceding paragraph, and highlights its most recent replication under the aegis of CNN (full report here in PDF).

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On to more jolly subjects. Remember Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation? It is 50 years since the invention of the (optical) laser. Via Thony C., we have Happy Birthday! posted by Matt Springer at Built on Facts.

Another anniversary is that of Vannevar Bush’s visionary piece sixty-five years ago in the Atlantic Review about associative links in information, which one can easily see as an early precursor to hypertext and all that. Via gg, we have Simon Harper’s review ‘As We May Think’ at 65 from his blog Thinking Out Loud.

In the 19th century, by a gradual process of socialisation, the scientific and professional communities in the USA began to differentiate themselves. Will Thomas posts Paul Lucier on ‘Professionals’ and ‘Scientists’ in 19th century America at the Ether Wave Propaganda blog.

We end on a luminous, numinous note. What links a certain 1980s teen film, a song by John Parr, the Chinese sea-goddess Mazu, and – wait for it – ionised air? In St Elmo’s Fire, Captain Skellet of A Schooner of Science explains the whys and the hows of the gorgeous blue glow that appears on the tips of masts on sailing ships.

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[And there you have it. Thanks for stopping by. I hope this encourages  you to write up your own pieces on science and its history and philosophy. Do consider submitting your blog article to the next edition of the giant's shoulders at The Dispersal of Darwin. You can use the carnival submission form. Past posts and future hosts can be found on the blog carnival index page.]

Aug 22, 2009

Westland Wasteland

According to its publicity site, WestLand (an Indian publisher under the Tata umbrella) has several years of retail and distribution to its credit. A few years ago they decided to move into publishing. I have no idea how good their retail capability is, but their publishing is scarcely of high quality.

A few months ago I asked my in-laws to bring along Kamini Karlekar’s Unsettled when they visited us in London. They purchased the book at one of Bangalore’s bookstores, a spanking new copy, and I pounced on it like an elderly tiger. Imagine my toothless bafflement and fury when I saw that the first twenty or so pages of the book were blank. There were faint traces of print, but nothing was legible.

Clearly, quality control is sorely lacking at WestLand. (You can see how lackadaisical they are – even now, almost a year since the book was released, the website says it is ‘forthcoming’.)

I sent an email to the contact address given at WestLand’s website, explaining what had happened, and asking that a replacement book be sent to me. I also left a comment at Karlekar’s blog suggesting that she might want to take up the production values with her publishers. There was no reply to either message. Luckily, Space Bar was able to dig up WestLand’s Delhi office chief, Mr Yashjeet Singal’s email address for me; when I emailed him, he was good enough to write back. He would, he said, arrange for a replacement to be sent.

Weeks went by with no sign of the book; the in-laws returned to Bangalore. I wrote to Mr Singal again that I hadn’t received the replacement, and suggested that, at any rate, WestLand might as well send me some other book instead. Maybe Devdutt Pattanaik’s 7 Secrets from Hindu Calendar Art?

Yashjeet Singal replied a little while later to say that both the books were being couriered to my in-laws’ address. At this point, in my mind, Mr Singal was a signal fellow indeed.

A fellow showed up with a packet at my in-laws’ doorstep a few days later, handed over the books, and said that the attached invoice for Rs 500-odd needed paying. In my idiocy, I had forgotten to tell my in-laws to expect the replacement book.  So they unwittingly paid up.

I must confess I feel extremely stupid, but never in a century did I expect that WestLand would want me to pay for a replacement for their shoddiness. I wrote an indignant email to Mr Singal, asking that he reimburse my in-laws for this nonsensical rigmarole. It has been three weeks since, and he has not bothered to reply.

Shoddy production quality is one thing. But this lack of ethics is entirely another.

At any rate, I will not be buying anything again from WestLand or EastWest or Tranquebar.

Aug 11, 2009

At The Passport Office

After the less than riotous UK Citizenship ceremony a few months ago, I've had to visit the Identity and Passport Service office at Elephant and Castle to verify my identity to get my passport. Elephant and Castle is not exactly the prettiest part of London. All concrete and rundown and quite the place to score a hit or two. I braved it all in the afternoon to present myself on the ninth floor of Hannibal House for my interview.

Saner minds than mine have questioned the need for this newfangled procedure. IPS claim that they have done away with cases of identity theft in passport applications, but close questioning of said claim reveals that there haven't really been any stolen identities before. Just as I thunk: freakin' Labour's penchant for blowing our hard-earned money on nonsensical bureaucracy.

At any rate, I was greeted by four people before I managed to get at the IPS desk to register my arrival. How's that for full employment for the masses? The woman at the desk was a friendly sort.

'Anything interesting?' she said.

I stared at her blankly.

'You've got three books. Anything interesting?' she said.

We desis are used to the idea of waiting prodigious amounts of time at sundry offices. I was therefore toting - as the woman cunningly noted - three books.

'They are all right,' I said.

'What are they?' she said.

'One's on the proof of a mathematical theorem, another's a Mexican crime novel, and the third is a history of the Roman Republic,' I said.

Her eyes lit up.

'Ooh, ooh, can I see the Mexican one?' she panted, and grabbed it from me, and read the blurb at the back.

'Here,' she added, thrusting a piece of paper and a pencil to me. 'Could you please write down the title and author while I register you?'

Dutifully, I obeyed.

'Why the maths book?' she asked me presently. 'History, I can understand. Why maths?'

I shrugged.

'Why not?' I said.

Although I had an appointment, I had to wait for over half an hour to be seen by one of the IPS types. This worthy promised me that any information I supplied would be destroyed after my passport was issued. She added that I wasn't allowed to refer to any documents whilst the interview was in progress. She stressed that this would be a friendly interview. She would ask me various questions that supposedly only I knew the answer to. (Thankfully, many of these questions have already been published in the press; an engineering geek such as I knows all about cheat sheets.)

She wanted to know where I was born. When I said 'Burma', she reeled. Failed the identity check at the very first question! Woohoo! Finally, the millions spent on catching identity thieves bear fruit!

'Is that what you filled in the form?'

'I wrote "Myanmar",' I said.

'Then what's this Burma?' she said.

'When I was born, the country was called Burma,' I said. 'They renamed it a few years later.'

(Interestingly, the citizenship application accepts 'Burma', but the online passport form only allows 'Myanmar'.)

She looked simultaneously relieved and disappointed.

Over the next seven minutes, we went over my name, address, previous address, telephone number, email address, whether my brother ever lived at the same address as I do, my parents' names and birthplaces, what credit cards I had, which mortgages I was repaying, when I got naturalised, and who countersigned my passport application. Had I heard of Equifax or Experian? Did I need a leaflet explaining identity theft?

Now I have to wait another ten days before the biometric red passport arrives. It will be yet another bittersweet moment in Feanor's existence, I'm afraid, for soon thereafter I'll have to surrender my beloved blue sixty-page Indian passport. Ah, the vagaries of a vagabond's life.

There has been quite a bit of talk about plagiarism, fraud, and underhand skullduggery in the scientific community. The Nanopolitan has dedicated a few posts pertaining to the situation in the subcontinent (see, e.g. here and here). Various Indian (and international) journals have had to retract papers when plagiarism was detected (see this for one example). Overall, worldwide, there does not seem to be any lessening in the number of fraudsters in the sciences. Why would there be? For all their talk of the scientific method and integrity, scientists are human like the rest of us, subject to the same follies and weaknesses, ambitions and faults.

One might think that the increasingly cut-throat world of academia with its ethos of publish-or-perish is what drives the fraudsters. This is not the entire picture. Greed is another motive. During my college days, one of the prescribed texts for the Analysis course in Mathematics was by S. C. Malik, an author of particularly poor skill and laziness. The man filched entire paragraphs of proofs and examples and exercises from T. M. Apostol's superb textbook on the subject. It was bad enough that there were mistakes during the copying that went uncorrected before printing. (In fact, it was an exercise for us to find the mistakes in the book. Not a bad way to learn math, eh?) But Malik didn't stop there, however. He was so singularly lazy he even copied large chunks of Apostol's preface. The preface! The mind boggled at the time when I discovered the fellow's perfidy, and it boggles now.

Of course, the worthies who prescribed the text for Delhi University students didn't really care. I doubt anyone cares even now. For all I know, Malik's book is still in print and possibly is still a prescribed text.

Because the litany of human perfidy is longer than the names of God (thanks, A. C. Clarke, for this wonderful story), it stands to reason that with sufficient digging, one can uncover scientific fraud throughout the ages. Mr John Grant has performed said digging, and published an interesting little book titled Corrupted Science: Fraud, Ideology and Politics in Science, which I have before me now.

Skullduggery began early. That much vaunted astronomer Ptolemy is credited with a superb cycle of observations and experimentation to validate his geocentric theory of the universe. Although the theory was supplanted by the Copernican heliocentric one, Ptolemy's scientific credibility was never doubted. According to Grant, 20th century astronomers began to study Ptolemy's data and reports. Ptolemy worked in Alexandria, but his observations would fit better had they been made in Rhodes. It turned out that Hipparchus, an astronomer preceding him by a couple of centuries, had made those observations - from Rhodes. Ptolemy was passing off Hipparchus's results as his own, having copied them from records in the great Library at Alexandria. Grant continues:
The clincher came when the modern researchers calculated the exact time of the autumnal equinox in the year AD 132. Ptolemy recorded that he had observed it very carefully at 2pm on September 25; in fact, the equinox occurred that year at 9:54am on September 24. Ptolemy was attempting to prove the accuracy of the determination Hipparchus had made of the length of the year; using as his base a record Hipparchus had made of observing the moment of equinox in 146 BC, 278 years earlier, Ptolemy simply multiplied Hipparchus's figure for the year's length by 278. Unfortunately for Ptolemy, Hipparchus's figure was slightly off, hence the 28 hour disparity in AD 132.
Of course, had Ptolemy bothered to make the observation himself and discovered that it occurred over a day earlier, he would have been in a position to make an even more accurate measurement of the length of a year than Hipparchus - now that would have been an achievement. Instead, he copied, didn't verify, and we all now line up to sneer at him.

Even such giants of science such as Newton weren't above a spot of rigging data to suit theoretical prediction. More recently, Edward Jenner's path-breaking invention of vaccination stemming from his observation that people who suffered from cow-pox didn't catch small-pox has been lauded as a triumph of observational science and innovation. He basked in this glory and never revealed the fact that he had known of a farmer, Benjamin Jesty, in Dorset who had, over 20 years earlier, injected pus from a cow-pox pustule into his family, in a desperate attempt to keep them alive during a raging small-pox epidemic.

The stories and names pile up. The Nobel Prize associations have been remarkably remiss and often awarded prizes to one scientist for the work of another. A notable case, which inflames feminists to this day, is that given for the discovery of pulsars to Anthony Hewish. The discovery and subsequent analysis had mostly been done by his graduate student Jocelyn Bell. Hewish, creditably, never diminished his student's work, and indeed promoted it as much as he could. The fault, as Grant says, lay with the Nobel committee.

A colossally egregious example was that of Selman Waksman who was awarded the 1952 Nobel Prize for Medicine for the discovery of streptomycin. Most of the work had, in fact, been done by Waksman's student Albert Schatz, but the Nobel committee passed over that fact. Had this been all, one might have shrugged and moved on (after throwing several fits at the iniquity of it all), but Waksman patented streptomycin - as a sole creator! - and refused to share the large revenues that began to accrue to him as the antibiotic was made into a popular drug. Schatz, rebuffed in his effort to get a portion of the royalties, sued his mentor, and that proved the end of his career in the US. The American academy was outraged that a student would bring a lawsuit against his teacher; the justice of Schatz's claim was ignored by the leading research centres, and he was forced to emigrate to South America.

Wrongful attributions are one thing. An entire programme of science debauched by ideology is something else. Into this camp falls work on eugenics (culminating in Nazi-sponsored research on 'sub'-human subjects during WW II); the disaster of Lysenkoism from which Russian genetics never recovered; and any of the work done by Creationists in the domain of, well, Creationism.

So, all is not perfect in the world of science. Luckily, a majority of scientists - like many of us laymen - are decent and honest and not driven by baser instincts. As long as popular trust in them is not lost, they will have something of immense importance to contribute to mankind. If not and they do not police themselves, they will join the ranks of many other professionals - politicians, bureaucrats, journalists, lawyers and astrologers - who evoke derision and disgust.