JOST A MON

The idle ramblings of a Jack of some trades, Master of none

6.28.2011

Old Delhi and That

Dr S. Y. Quraishi, Chief Election Commissioner of India and author of various scholarly works on Urdu poetry, recently was at the Nehru Centre. So was I. He was launching his latest book - Old Delhi, Living Traditions. Various dignitaries dignified the occasion, and there was some amount of 'Fancy seeing you here' and 'Mwah-mwah' and 'Monika's* done an excellent job, eh?'

The book launch itself comprised a brief bit of unwrapping a copy of the book (though copies of it were already on a table for all to see) and a sequence of speeches, followed by a question-and-answer session. There were a couple of laudations by old associates and friends of Quraishi, and then the man himself took the stage. 

His audio-visual presentation had images from his book accompanied by a self-deprecating set of remarks. He mentioned that his family had been denizens of Old Delhi for close to five hundred years. He was born in 1947 and studied at the Anglo-Arabic school (itself founded in the 17th century) and then at St Stephen's college (well-known for being my alma mater), all famous institutions. He talked about the great spice bazaar of Khari Baoli, and the paper merchants of Nai Sadak, and specialist foodie alleys, and the beautiful havelis.

Speaking of havelis, he talked about one beautifully restored one. Chunnamal's haveli was named for a wealthy-as-heck merchant who, when the British, upset by the 1857 native uprising and blaming it on the Muslims, decided to blow up the Fatehpuri Mosque, bought it for Rs 20,000, saving it for his fellow citizens of Delhi. A score years later, he handed it back to the Muslims (for, said Quraishi, a nice little profit, no doubt).

Chunnamal was the wealthiest man in Delhi in the 1860s, and the first to have a telephone and a car. It is not clear who he spoke to over the phone, of course, if he was the first.

I asked Quraishi if he had some interesting stories to recount of his family's five hundred years' history in Delhi. He didn't answer the question; instead, he discussed how he knew his family had been in Delhi that long. He came, said he, of a long line of scholars, and they kept records, and they could trace their ancestry twenty-seven generations. Furthermore, 'Quraishi' meant 'of the (tribe of) Quraish', which was, of course, the Prophet Muhammed's clan. So there would have been a father-to-son linkage back from Arabia all the way to India, and his ancestors may have dwelt in various parts of the country before they settled in the imperial capital in the 16th century.

Quraishi also mentioned V. S. Naipaul. The only book by Naipaul he had read, said he, was India: A Wounded Civilization. The only reason he read it, said he, was that Naipaul had mentioned him by name, which he considered a great honour. Someone had told him once that Naipaul almost never referred to people by name in his non-fiction books. So honoured was Quraishi that, in fact, he had only read that one paragraph from all of Naipaul's books.

He also said that he was a big fan of William Dalrymple's books. The one on Delhi, said he, was excellent, beautifully written. If he had a complaint, it would be that |Dalrymple had never interviewed him.

(*) Monika, in case you are wondering, is M. K. Mohta, the director of the Nehru Centre, shortly to be the Indian ambassador to Poland. Under her aegis, the Nehru Centre was a hotbed of cultural activity. We await to see how energetic her successor turns out to be.

6.26.2011

Calvados Cocktail

That man Massimo Carlotto was falsely implicated in some crime, went on the run, returned to Italy, spent a while in prison, and came out with very little respect for either the judiciary or the politicians. He turned his mind to some noirish crime literature, and imbued his works with his disdain for the authorities and his affection for alcoholic beverages. Here's a small excerpt from his The Master of Knots.
I tasted the Alligator that Rudy had mixed for me: seven parts Calvados, three of Drambuie, plenty of ice and a slice of green apple, following the recipe invented by Danilo Argiolas, the guy who runs the Libarium bar in Cagliari. It hadn't yet reached the ideal temperature.
[...]
When I asked for an Alligator and explained its composition to the barman, he acted scandalised and sought to dissuade me, recomending other Calvados-based cocktails. After some elegant verbal sparring, I was forced to give in and try his 'Apple Cocktail': Calvados, cider, gin and cognac. I downed it and ordered another one straight away - it really was good.

The Seven Years War can easily be called a World War. The British fought the French all over the planet - in Europe, in North America, in the West Indies, on German soil, and in India. By the end of 1759, the French had lost ground almost everywhere. You could say that the beginning of the end of their Indian territories was the sanguinary Battle of Madras, fought over a bitter two month period from December of the previous year to January of that year.

Fort St George was the British redoubt in the heart of the 'white town' of Madras. The 'black' town lay below and around it was where fifty thousand Indians lived. The fort was the first built by the British East India company, and served as its headquarters for the south. It became the primary target for the French assault on British dominions in India.
Fort St. George (1754) by Jan Van Ryne 
Four thousand British and Indian defenders were besieged within the fortress. Attacking them were 8,000 French and Indian soldiers, who had already looted and devastated the black town. In an earlier skirmish, the British had managed to wound the French raiders. Although the French successfully chased the enemy back into the fortress, they suffered from a fall in morale. It had taken a while to bring up their siege guns, but once they were installed, they pounded Fort St George for five days continuously. The British fired back as enthusiastically, and even managed to disable the French artillery for a brief period. The statistics of the munitions expended were impressive. 'The British defenders used up 1,768 barrels of gunpowder, 26,554 cannonballs, 7,502 mortar shells, 2,000 hand grenades and fired 200,000 cartridges from their muskets.'[1] Nearly one-third of the combatants on both sides perished.

The French even set off a mine under the fort. The British were barely discomfited; in despair, 150 French troops deserted to the other side. Meanwhile, an Indian army allied under Yusuf Khan allied with the British began a rearguard action against the French. They captured two French guns - but at so great cost to themselves that they didn't have the heart to re-enter the conflict, and withdrew. 

It was becoming clear that unless the French broke the resistance at Fort St George, they themselves would succumb from lack of supplies and morale. The coup-de-grace was delivered when the Royal Navy managed to break the naval blockade of Fort St George, and land 600 troops ashore. The French saw the writing on the wall, and retreated.

Their Irish commander Thomas Arthur Lally, the Comte de Lally-Tollendal, never quite recovered his reputation after his debacles in India.

[1] Frank McLynn, 1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World, Jonathan Cape, London, 2004.

6.23.2011

Dew

Iceland is famous for being a hedge-fund rather than a country, and for its volcanoes that ruin holidays, and for one of the funniest television series I've seen in a while. Næturvaktin is set at a Shell station outside Reykjavik with three staff on the night shift (hence the title) - a simpleton, a nervous breakdown, and the boss, a left-wing nutjob.

But that's not why I'm posting this. During a recent marathon viewing session (on BBC's iPlayer, I'll have you know), I noticed an actress with the name Sara Dögg Ásgeirsdóttir. Her middle name translates as 'dew', hence the title of this post. (I'm not sure if it has any other meanings, but this one is apt. She's fresh and lovely.) It turns out that she is only a part-time actress. Her main job is as a flight attendant. At least that's what it was in 2007, when she was interviewed by Morgunbladid. Sara never went to drama school, and yet - seven years earlier - she had won a 'Best Actress' award at an international film festival in Korea. That motivated her to continue along her acting path.

Here's what she said (in a fresh and lovely accent), laughing:
"Ja, ég býst við því að þetta sé einkum til þess að fá salt í grautinn. Annars var ég einmitt að velta þessu fyrir mér um daginn, og þá komst ég að því að það er í raun flugið sem heldur mér á jörðinni."
I am not entirely sure what she's going on about, but there's something about flying keeping her grounded, and how being a flight attendant is what puts the salt in her porridge. 

Salt in her porridge? As I said, fresh. And lovely.

Rush out and grab this study, folks. [Via here.] Below is the abstract:
Traumatic brain injuries in illustrated literature: experience from a series of over 700 head injuries in the Asterix comic books

Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2011 Jun;153(6):1351-5.

Kamp MA, Slotty P, Sarikaya-Seiwert S, Steiger HJ, Hänggi D.

Department for Neurosurgery
Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf

Background: The goal of the present study was to analyze the epidemiology and specific risk factors of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the Asterix illustrated comic books. Among the illustrated literature, TBI is a predominating injury pattern.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of TBI in all 34 Asterix comic books was performed by examining the initial neurological status and signs of TBI. Clinical data were correlated to information regarding the trauma mechanism, the sociocultural background of victims and offenders, and the circumstances of the traumata, to identify specific risk factors.

Results: Seven hundred and four TBIs were identified. The majority of persons involved were adult and male. The major cause of trauma was assault (98.8%). Traumata were classified to be severe in over 50% (GCS 3-8). Different neurological deficits and signs of basal skull fractures were identified. Although over half of head-injury victims had a severe initial impairment of consciousness, no case of death or permanent neurological deficit was found. The largest group of head-injured characters was constituted by Romans (63.9%), while Gauls caused nearly 90% of the TBIs. A helmet had been worn by 70.5% of victims but had been lost in the vast majority of cases (87.7%). In 83% of cases, TBIs were caused under the influence of a doping agent called “the magic potion”.

Conclusions: Although over half of patients had an initially severe impairment of consciousness after TBI, no permanent deficit could be found. Roman nationality, hypoglossal paresis, lost helmet, and ingestion of the magic potion were significantly correlated with severe initial impairment of consciousness (p ≤ 0.05).

Ntozake Shange's classic of Black literature Sassafras, Cypress and Indigo, is filled with descriptions of and recipes for fine Negro food. Reminds me of a trip to New Orleans years ago, where after laying into Cajun munchies, I repaired to a soul food joint to sate my stomach, salve my spirit, and harden my arteries.

Here's a small intro, first.
"Mama, this gumbo is ridiculous." Sassafrass was eating so fast she could barely get the words out of her mouth. "Mama, you know if I told them white folks at the Callahan school that I wanted some red sauce & rice with shrimp, clams, hot sausage, corn, okra, chicken & crab meat, they'd go around campus sayin','You know that Negro girl overdoes everything. Can you imagine what she wanted for dinner?' "
But even better is this:

Sassafrass' Rice Casserole #36

1-1/2 cups medium grain brown rice     2/3 pound smoked cheddar cheese
3 ounces pimentos                      1/2 cup condensed milk
1 cup baby green peas                  Diced garlic to taste
1/2 cup fresh walnuts                  Cayenne to taste

Cook rice as usual. In an eight-inch baking dish, layer rice, cheese, pimentos, walnuts, and peas. Spread garlic and cayenne as you see fit. 
Pour milk along side of dish so it cushions rice against the edge. Bake in oven 20-30 minutes, or until all the cheese melts and the top 
layer has a nice brown tinge.

6.11.2011

Choo Choo Food

Howard Jacobson is seriously upset about train travel in Britain. I don't blame him - it is expensive and erratic. What gets his goat, however, is the fall in the quality of the food on board:
The food on trains is once again disgusting. In the last days of British Rail, catering underwent a revolution. I recall an exquisite poached salmon sandwich with rocket and dill sauce "designed" by Clement Freud. To accompany it you could buy wine "selected" by Fay Weldon. Those were the Culture Years. Then we went private and it was back to the breakfast bap designed by Fred West. That's when they have any food other than confectionery at all. Ten minutes out of Edinburgh, on the way back to London, I went to see what was in the shop. "Twix, Mars, Snickers, Kit Kat..."

"No sandwiches?" I politely enquired.

"Don't talk to me in that tone of voice", the onboard shop assistant said.

Here's another tale of the viciousness of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir. A Pathan warrior once offered his services to one of royal princes, claiming to be skilled in all manner of weaponry. He said he was so good that he would work for the prince only if he were paid a thousand rupees a day. The prince was taken aback at his audacity, but was impressed enough to present him to his father.

Jahangir was addled as usual with opium and drink, and slurred that he wanted the Pathan to fight a lion. When the man protested that it was no test of skill to fight an animal unarmed, the Emperor was in no mood to change his mind. He ordered his toughest and most aggressive lion to be brought to the arena to be pitched against the Pathan warrior.

The man fought the creature for a brief while, reported the English traveller William Hawkins. It then escaped its keepers, and despite being in chains, still rent the man limb from limb.

The Emperor was so pleased with the bloodshed that he ordered ten of his horsemen to wrestle the lion. Three of them were killed before the proceedings were brought to a halt.

And no, I'm not sure what happened to the lion.

6.06.2011

Tita in Tears

Onions make one weep, they do. Little green chillies make one's fingers burn, and nose water, and skin sweat. All this happens when one chops them. Or munches on them. For great-aunt Tita, tears, floods of tears over onions began early in life. So says Laura Esquivel in her Like Water For Chocolate.
Take care to chop the onion fine. To keep from crying when you chop it (which is so annoying!), I suggest you place a little bit on your head. The trouble with crying over an onion is that once the chopping gets you started and the tears begin to well up, the next thing you know you just can't stop. I don't know if that's ever happened to you, but I have to confess it's happened to me, many times. Mama used to say it was because I was especially sensitive to onions, like my great-aunt, Tita.
Tita was so sensitive to onions, any time they were being chopped, they say she would just cry and cry; when she was still in my great-grandmother's belly, her sobs were so loud that even Nacha, the cook, who was half-deaf, could hear them easily. Once her wailing got so violent that it brought on an early labor. And before my great-grandmother could let out a word or even a whimper, Tita made an entrance into the world, prematurely, right there on the kitchen table, amid the smells of simmering noodles soup, thyme, bay leaves, and cilantro, steamed milk, garlic, and, of course, onions. Tita had no need for the usual slap on the bottom, because she was already crying as she emerged; maybe that was because she knew then that it would be her lot in life to be denied marriage. The way Nacha told it, Tita was literally washed into this world on a great tide of tears that spilled over the edge of the table and flooded across the kitchen floor.

6.03.2011

Cipher

In 1236, Walter (Gautier) of Coincy wrote a vernacular poem for a largely non-literate audience. In it, he used the expression 'ciffres en augorisme' to mean a vacuous person. In other words, a zero. Clearly, if even an unlearned audience was meant to understand the reference, the cipher, or the Hindu-Arabic numeral, was already well-established in Europe.

Scientific, as opposed to mathematical, knowledge had already started flowing westwards in the preceding century. "After 1100, Euclid’s Elements gained increased prominence; in 1126 Adelard of Bath brought Al-Khwarizmi’s trigonometry to the West; in 1145 Robert of Chester translated Al-Khwarizmi’s Algebra; Ptolemy’s Almagest was translated from the Greek in 1160." [1]

How did the Europeans gain access to the concept of zero? As widely documented, the good news came from the East, via the Arabs.

I have read previously that Leonardo da Pisa (or Fibonacci)'s learned work Liber Abaci of 1202 was the main mechanism of transmission. Fibonacci had travelled extensively in North Africa training to become a merchant, had come in contact with Arabs there, and learned their sciences and mathematics.

Sefer ha-Mispar of Rabbi ben Ezra
As evidenced by Fibonacci, the main impetus to arithmetic appears to have been mercantile. The widespread use of the abacus had already introduced the notion of 'place value' to the Europeans, but they persisted in using Roman numerals in their documentation. Indeed, even innovators in business such as the English Exchequer and the Medici Bank decried the use of the new-fangled numerals. The Florentine guild of bankers required its members to “write openly and at length, using letters” — the fact that the ordinance had to be repeated three more times meant that by 1299, bankers in Florence had found it faster and more convenient to use the Hindu-Arabic numerals rather than write “at length” in the old script." [2]

I learn now, though, that an even earlier book had introduced the concept of zero to the Europeans.[3] The Spanish rabbi Abraham ben Ezra wrote about the Hindu-Arabic numerals in his book Sefer ha-Mispar (Book of Number) while visiting Verona in 1146. He used the first 9 letters of the Hebrew alphabet to represent the numbers 1 to 9, and made a small circle that he called galgal (Hebrew for 'wheel') for zero. (The Arabs used a dot.)

The Jews, of course, already had large trade networks across the Mediterranean and the Levant and deep into the Muslim lands. Their affinity for new ideas and business acumen meant that they had a long-standing advantage over their Gentile competitors. Indeed, as we have seen, the Christians were not loath to shoot themselves in the foot with proscriptions against new (or heathen) techniques.

It was not till the 15th century that the Church relented and allowed the use of the numerals. And they had the temerity all along to accuse of Jews of taking advantage of Christians and making money off the honest faithful. All I have to say is - pillocks.

References

1. Stephen E. Sachs, New Math: The‘Countinghouse Theory’and the Medieval Revival of Arithmetic (here)
2. Alexander Murray, Reason and Society in the Middle Ages (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978)
3. Paul Kriwaczek, Yiddish Civilisation: the Rise and Fall of a Forgotten Nation (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2005)

6.02.2011

Nutmeg

This is nutmeg.
Nutmeg (from BBC)

Not very prepossessing, is it? And yet men killed and warred and competed all over the world for it.

Medieval mendicants and medics insisted that nutmeg was a cure for all ills. They claimed it could protect against the 'blody flux' and the 'sweating syckness' in the time of the plague. They recommended it against the cough ('mulled wine with nutmeg'), and trapped gas, and ills of the 'mouthe of the stomacke and the spleen'.

Andrew Borde wrote in the Dyetary of Helth (a treatise that made him more popular than his previous one on beards): 'Nutmeges be good for them which have cold in their head and doth comforte the syght and the brain.' He said that nutmeg dampened the libido, but by his own admission, 'it is hard to get out of the flesh what is bred in the bone' and he, a celibate former monk, died in disgrace.

Others claimed nutmeg was a powerful aphrodisiac. Charles Sackville said that even a tidbit of nutmeg before bedtime resulted in troubled slumber:
Dreaming last night on Mrs Farley,
My prick was up this morning early,
And I was fain without my gown
To rise in th'cold to get him down
Hard shift, alas, but yet a sure,
Although it be no pleasing cure.
And then, said Samuel Pepys, Sackville was gaoled 'after running up and down all night almost naked through the street.'

In Chaucer's time, nutmeg was a rarity available only to the rich. In the Canterbury Tales, Sir Thopas craved it.
Ther spryngen herbes, grete and smale,
The lycorys and cetewale,
       And many a clowe-gylofre,
And notemuge to putte in ale,
Wheither it be moyste or stale,
       Or for to leye in cofre.
Even Shakespeare wrote about it in The Winter's Tale:
I must have saffron to colour the warden
pies; mace; dates?--none, that's out of my note;
nutmegs, seven; a race or two of ginger, but that I
may beg; four pound of prunes, and as many of
raisins o' the sun.
A Dutch traveller named Jan Huyghen van Linschoten weighed in with his five volume Itinerario, an encyclopedia of the East Indies: 'nutmegs fortify the brain and sharpen the memory. They warm the stomach and expel winds. They give clean breath, force the urine, stop diarrhoea, and cure upset stomachs.'

And this is what led to all that mayhem and blood, and the rise of colonialism and the fall of empires.

Check out: Giles Milton, Nathaniel's Nutmeg: How One Man's Courage Changed the Course of History.